Introduction Nowadays, paleoclimatology studies are considered as one of the most popular study fields, for they can be applied for various subjects like the study of past climatic changes of the earth, archeology, the effects of human beings on environment, rebuilding of long-term climatic data and ecosystem simulation. Climate change on all aspects has serious impacts on natural and human life. Natural variability is an inherent feature of climate that happens in short time and long time; As the Earth's climate and ecological conditions during the various geological changes and fluctuations very strong. Knowledge of weather and its patterns over long periods of time will help to determine the future climate. Thus, climate experts and environmental scientists have shown a lot of attention to paleoclimatology and ecology past changes. Through studies of paleoclimatology can reconstruct climate elements of past and predict the pattern of future climate. In fact, to predict the future climate the long-term data is needed; while direct measurement instrument of meteorological data only able to provide a picture of the climate of the past few decades. Therefore, to surmount the direct measurement of poverty, paleoclimatologist must use indirect evidence to discover and reconstruct the long time data. Palynology is one of the most popular methods in metrological studies and palynology atlases are the most significant tools of this method. As a matter of fact, the annals of paleoclimatology studies and palynology studies in Iran is not so rich, leading to numerous shortages in the field like lack of pollen atlas of Iran. As a result, this study aims at filling this gap by introducing the plant pollens of Parishan Lake basin. Material and Methods Two field studies were done in April and June 2013 to conduct the present research. Searching on the basin of Parishan Lake, the vegetation samples were assembled, dried, and transferred to the Botanical National Park of Iran. Then, the samples were transferred to paleoclimatology laboratory of Geography Faculty in University of Tehran in which they sampled the plants’ flowers. In the second step of sampling, a core, measuring about 8.5 m, was taken from the floor of Parishan Lake and its pollens were investigated with intervals of 10 cm. Moore et al. (1991), Erdtman (1952), Faegri and Inversin (1975) methods were used to separate the pollens. Then, Silicon oil 2000 was added to avoid oxidization. Besides, they were put in furnaces with 500C for 24 hours to be dried. Making slides and codifying by microscope, the pollens were recognized and photographed. Official sites and authoritative books and articles were applied to identify the pollens of the core (Faegri and Iversen, 1975; Kremp, 1965; Punt et al., 1994; Hesse et al., 2009; Roubik, 2003; Demske, 2013; Vafadar et al., 2010; Binka, 2003; Behboodi, 2005; Palynology Websites of Australia, Arizona, and San Francisco). Moreover, 5 pollens of each type were measured and the average was considered as the normal size of the pollen.Results The findings reveal that there are 28 pollens in the basin of Parishan Lake including 4 tree pollens, oak, pistachios, almond and olive, 2 water plant pollens of Cyperaceae and Sparganium sp., while the rest are shrubs and herbaceous plants. Their features, including polar axis, equatorial axis, and forms, are presented in Table 1, while equatorial view, polar view, the walls and the level decorations are shown in Figures 2- 10. Pollen size is not fixed and can be smaller or larger than the models listed. The size listed is the average number of groups of any kind.Conclusion As a matter of fact, lack of plant pollen atlas and fossil pollens of Iran has disturbed paleoclimatology studies based on palynology. In fact, the most significant advantage of identifying past climatic changes based on palynology is the recognition of much more pollens in the sediments. However, lacks of pollen articles and pollen atlases have affected this subject. As a result, this research aims to study the plant pollens of Parishan Lake basin which were assembled, prepared, recognized, and photographed by scientific methods. The final output revealed that there are 28 plant pollens including tree pollens, shrub pollens, herbaceous pollens and water plant pollens. Several photos of each pollen are presented to help the researchers to recognize the pollens. These photos were taken from different views like polar view, equator view, pollen wall, level decoration and size.

The Shemshak Formation with a thickness of 2080 meters is well-exposed in NE of Jajarm city. In this study, palynolomorphs are identified for the first time and 50 terrestrial palynomorh taxa were identified, in which 29 species of spore allocated to 21 genera and 17 species of pollen to 13 genera. On the basis of stratigraphic distribution of palynomorphs three biozones were recognized and based on the above mentioned biozones the Rhaetian -Lower Bajocian age is suggested for the Shemshak Formation in Jajarm area.

Pollen morphology of 10 Allium L. taxa growing in Iran, representing three subgenera and six sections, were investigated via scanning electron microscopy. Pollen morphological characteristics indicated that pollen grains are monosulcate, heteropolar, and ellipsoidal. Polar axis revealed variation between 13. 84 and 20. 01 μ m while Equatorial axis ranged from 20. 4 to 42. 37 μ m. The forms of pollen grains were oblate, peroblate, and suboblate (mean of P/E ratio was 0. 43 to 0. 80). The aperture type and exine ornamentation were not homogeneous among the studied species. It was also observed that the sulcus extended from distal to proximal in two species of sect. Allium and one species of sect. Melanocrommyum. The exine was semitectate and the tectum was perforate. The variation in the main pollen characteristics in the investigated taxa allowed for recognizing two types of pollen grains in subg. Allium, Melanocrommyum and Amerallium: The first type had perforate rugulate trimming and high density of pollen perforations while the second type had perforate-striate-rugulate ornamentation and a low number of exine surface perforations.

Background and objectives: To reveal plants systematic and phylogenetic evolutionary development of the species, wood identification and wood anatomical descriptions were being considered by Biology researchers every so often. From Palaeobotany point of view, there have been done successful researches by studying wood fossils. Petrified woods preserve more extended history of wood habitats comparing to other plant organs. In this study, we identify and introduce fossil woods of Annakhatoon NE of Tabriz region, which were explored from 1: 25000 map preparation operations.Materials and methods: In this study, we put to use stem like pieces to make identifications of the petrified tree stems of the age Pliocene, NE Tabriz. Appearance, size, color and other physical characteristics were recorded and photographs prepared, after transferring the collected samples to the laboratory. We prepared thin sections of all types of transversal, radial and tangential planes, according to specific methods, whereas possible. First of all, we cut 1*2*3 cm pieces with their long axis parallel to the tree longitudinal axis, removed rough areas, planed and finished. After making a polish, the thickness was so lowered around 0.03 mm that the light could pass through the wood thin sections. Thin sections of tangential, radial and cross section were prepared to study microscopically. In the cases where the state of preserving allowed, we studied wood anatomy and the features related to tracheids, ray parenchyma, pits, resin canals and other wood elements employing light microscope. Following IAWA list of microscopic features of Gymnosperms, made the elementary descriptions the identification was completed by comparing data with other petrified woods in collections elsewhere.Results: The results showed that the structure of fossil sample was the same as Gymnosperms.Growth ring boundaries distinct, transition from early wood to latewood abrupt, ground tissue consists of thin walled tracheids, uniseriate rays abundant, unlikely pinoid bordered pits in cross fields and a few solitary resin canals, were common. The material has been referred to Pinuxylon fossil species of Coniferals at this stage.Conclusion: Although lack of proper preservation, solitary resin canals, few axial parenchyma, large bordered pits arranged in single rows at radial walls of early wood tracheids and very likely pinoid pits in the cross fields, show close relation to Pinuxylon genus type. This genus type implies a temperate climate there at that age.

The Makran coastal strip in southeastern Iran consists of marl, sandstone, and Pleistocene-age siliceous-carbonate detrital units deposited in an energetic environment under the influence of waves. Marl units with a thickness of nearly 8 meters have the highest outcrop in the area and have countless fossils of different species of deep and benthic basin. In field studies, whale fossil remains were identified in these sediments. In order to determine the age of this fossil, these fossil remains have been identified and accompanying fossils in marl deposits have been used. Based on this, 12 genera and 13 species of deep and benthic foraminifera with hyaline and porcelain wall were identified by performing thin section microscopic studies and using SEM electron microscopy. The paleontological results of the whale fossil and also based on the most characteristic fossils associated with it such as Textularia, Globigerina, Globorotalia, Nummulite, and Microgastropoda show the Middle to Late Miocene age in this region.

Combustion of sulfur components of fossil fuels such as oil causes the emission of SO2 in the atmosphere. Sulfur components are one of the important factors in pollution of the atmosphere due to the formation of acidic rain in the environment. Conventional approach for desulfurization of oil is chemical procedure of hydro desulfurization (HDS). However, this procedure has low efficiency for desulfurization of ring components of sulfur such as dibenzothiophene (DBT). Thus the new methods such as biodesulfurization were proposed for desulfurization of ring components of sulfur.Biodesulfurization is a non-destructive method that it can remove sulfur from of hydrocarbons of petroleum in the mild conditions and it can be potentially used as complementary method with HDS. For industrial application of biodesulfurization, this approach need to isolation of new desulfurization bacteria and increasing desulfurization activity of them by genetic engineering methods. In this review, we are evaluated biodesulfurization method and advances of it in the two last decades.

Temperate fruits including small fruits, especially Strawberries are important fruit crops which mostly for fruit set needs the pollination of flowers and followed by pistil fertilization. Therefore, to achieve this act, pollen viability and its germination capability are essential. Examination of pollen viability and understand its quality is important. To optimize the pollen germination medium of Strawberry, an experimental was carried out with 9 types of culture medium containing different concentrations of boric acid (0, 25 and 50 mgL-1), sucrose (7.5, 10 and 15 %) and agar (2 %) in the In-vitro using random complete design with three replications. The results showed that maximum germination in combination medium B25S15 (25 mg boric acid and 15 % sucrose) with 87.66% germination was lowest germination medium in combination B0S7.5 (0 mg boric acid and 7.5 % sucrose) with 5.33% germination occurred. The viability of pollen Strawberry two months after maintenance at temperatures -20oC and -80oC showed that pollen stored at temperatures above maintain viability of pollen germination or no significant difference. Also, the results from pollen germination in selected culture medium showed that maximum pollen germination (83.93%) in laboratory condition was obtained and lowest pollen germination percentage in 10oC with 51.66 % occurred.

Aim: Electromagnetic field (EMF) is an unavoidable environmental factor for living beings which many investigations have been conducted to evaluate its effect. In this research the effects of EMF on vegetative organs, pollen development, pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Glycine max L. were studied.Materials and Methods: Exposure to EMF was performed by a locally designed generator which its electrical power was provided by a 220 V and 0.1 A, AC power supply.This system consist of a PVC cylinder with 20 × 20 cm (diameter and length) and 300 turn coil of copper wire. The structure of vegetative parts and reproductive organs was studied using common methods of cell – histology.Results: In the stem of treated samples collenchymas layers were increased and formation of xylem tissues was more rapid. In the leaves, spongy parenchyma tissue was deformed and numbers of trichomes were increased, in addition leaves and shoot development were delayed and the size of anthers was also decreased with the deformation of their cell wall. The numbers of pollen and tetraspore, decreased and they were also abnormal in shape. Under EMF treatment, the germination percentage of pollen was decreased and pollen tubes were helicoidal and short.Conclusions: Low intensity electromagnetic field may have effects on the structure of some organs and developmental characteristic of them in Glycine max L.

Considering the importance of citrus breeding programmers for releasing new cultivars to the citrus industry, the present research was carried out in order to explore the best method of pollen preservation and storage. Long-term pollen storage was sudied on pollens from matured citrus cultivars including Shell-Mahalleh, Yuzu, Troyer and Citromelo. Experimental design used, was a factorial design with two factors based on Randomized Complets Block Design with 3 replications. Factor one was 3 methods of storage (room temperature, refrigerator and freezing) and the second factor was 4 mentioned cultivars. In vitro viability test was performed on pollens after 7, 15,30,60 and 140 days storage at room temperature (+25 °c), refrigerator (+4 °c) and freezer (-18°C). Results based on analysis of variance of data showed significant differences at 1% level between the effects of treatments of storage methods, cultivars and interactions between two factors. Control treatment (fresh pollen) and 7 days storage treatment at freezer showed highest germination percentage (38.77% and 26.93% respectively) and classified in groups a and b respectively. In addition, among studied cultivars Shell-Mahalleh and Yuzu showed 18.94% and 15.49% germination and grouped in classes a and b respectively. Interaction effects of control x Shell-Mahalleh, control x Yuzu, 15 days storage in freezer x Yuzu and 7 days storage in freezer x Shell-Mahalleh showed 50%, 46%, 42% and 36% germination and located in groups, a, b, c and d respectively. Also results from 140 days pollen storage of Shell-Mahalleh cultivars showed 22.2%, germination in the viability test assay. Considering the amount of pollen germination decreased with prolonging of pollen storage period, this finding is very important in citrus breeding programs.